# Components - Family of functions¶

Warning

Experimental functions

• They are not officially of the current release.
• They likely will not be officially be part of the next release:
• The functions might not make use of ANY-INTEGER and ANY-NUMERICAL
• Name might change.
• Signature might change.
• Functionality might change.
• pgTap tests might be missing.
• Might need c/c++ coding.
• May lack documentation.
• Documentation if any might need to be rewritten.
• Documentation examples might need to be automatically generated.
• Might need a lot of feedback from the comunity.
• Might depend on a proposed function of pgRouting
• Might depend on a deprecated function of pgRouting

## The problem definition¶

Connected components

A connected component of an undirected graph is a set of vertices that are all reachable from each other.

Notice: This problem defines on an undirected graph.

Given the following query:

pgr_connectedComponentsV($$sql$$)

where $$sql = \{(id_i, source_i, target_i, cost_i, reverse\_cost_i)\}$$

and

• $$source = \bigcup source_i$$,
• $$target = \bigcup target_i$$,

The graphs are defined as follows:

The weighted undirected graph, $$G(V,E)$$, is definied by:

• the set of vertices $$V$$
• $$V = source \cup target$$
• the set of edges $$E$$
• $$E = \begin{cases} \text{ } \{(source_i, target_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \quad \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \quad \text{ if } reverse\_cost = \varnothing \\ \text{ } \text{ } & \text{ } \\ \text{ } \{(source_i, target_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, reverse\_cost_i) \text{ when } reverse\_cost_i >=0)\} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(source_i, target_i, reverse\_cost_i) \text{ when } reverse\_cost_i >=0)\} & \quad \text{ if } reverse\_cost \neq \varnothing \\ \end{cases}$$

Given:

• $$G(V,E)$$

Then:

$$\boldsymbol{\pi} = \{(component_i, n\_seq_i, node_i)\}$$

where:
• $$component_i = \min \{node_j | node_j \in component_i\}$$
• $$n\_seq_i$$ is a sequential value starting from 1 in a component.
• $$node_i \in component_i$$
• The returned values are ordered:
• component ascending
• node ascending
Example:
• The first component is composed of nodes 0, 1 and 4.
• The second component is composed of node 3.
• The third component is composed of nodes 2 and 5.

Strongly connected components

A strongly connected component of a directed graph is a set of vertices that are all reachable from each other.

Notice: This problem defines on a directed graph.

Given the following query:

pgr_strongComponentsV($$sql$$)

where $$sql = \{(id_i, source_i, target_i, cost_i, reverse\_cost_i)\}$$

and

• $$source = \bigcup source_i$$,
• $$target = \bigcup target_i$$,

The graphs are defined as follows:

The weighted directed graph, $$G_d(V,E)$$, is definied by:

• the set of vertices $$V$$
• $$V = source \cup target \cup {start_{vid}} \cup {end_{vid}}$$
• the set of edges $$E$$
• $$E = \begin{cases} \text{ } \{(source_i, target_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \quad \text{ if } reverse\_cost = \varnothing \\ \text{ } \text{ } & \text{ } \\ \text{ } \{(source_i, target_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, reverse\_cost_i) \text{ when } reverse\_cost_i >=0)\} & \quad \text{ if } reverse\_cost \neq \varnothing \\ \end{cases}$$

Given:

• $$G(V,E)$$

Then:

$$\boldsymbol{\pi} = \{(component_i, n\_seq_i, node_i)\}$$

where:
• $$component_i = \min {node_j | node_j \in component_i}$$
• $$n\_seq_i$$ is a sequential value starting from 1 in a component.
• $$node_i \in component_i$$
• The returned values are ordered:
• component ascending
• node ascending
Example:
• The first component is composed of nodes 1, 2 and 4.
• The second component is composed of node 0.
• The third component is composed of node 3.
• The fourth component is composed of node 5.
• The fifth component is composed of node 6.

Biconnected components

The biconnected components of an undirected graph are the maximal subsets of vertices such that the removal of a vertex from particular component will not disconnect the component. Unlike connected components, vertices may belong to multiple biconnected components. Vertices can be present in multiple biconnected components, but each edge can only be contained in a single biconnected component. So, the output only has edge version.

Notice: This problem defines on an undirected graph.

Given the following query:

pgr_biconnectedComponents($$sql$$)

where $$sql = \{(id_i, source_i, target_i, cost_i, reverse\_cost_i)\}$$

and

• $$source = \bigcup source_i$$,
• $$target = \bigcup target_i$$,

The graphs are defined as follows:

The weighted undirected graph, $$G(V,E)$$, is definied by:

• the set of vertices $$V$$
• $$V = source \cup target$$
• the set of edges $$E$$
• $$E = \begin{cases} \text{ } \{(source_i, target_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \quad \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \quad \text{ if } reverse\_cost = \varnothing \\ \text{ } \text{ } & \text{ } \\ \text{ } \{(source_i, target_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, reverse\_cost_i) \text{ when } reverse\_cost_i >=0)\} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(source_i, target_i, reverse\_cost_i) \text{ when } reverse\_cost_i >=0)\} & \quad \text{ if } reverse\_cost \neq \varnothing \\ \end{cases}$$

Given:

• $$G(V,E)$$

Then:

$$\boldsymbol{\pi} = \{(component_i, n\_seq_i, node_i)\}$$

where:
• $$component_i = \min {node_j | node_j \in component_i}$$
• $$n\_seq_i$$ is a sequential value starting from 1 in a component.
• $$edge_i \in component_i$$
• The returned values are ordered:
• component ascending
• edge ascending
Example:
• The first component is composed of edges 1 - 2, 0 - 1 and 0 - 2.
• The second component is composed of edges 2 - 4, 2 - 3 and 3 - 4.
• The third component is composed of edge 5 - 6.
• The fourth component is composed of edge 6 - 7.
• The fifth component is composed of edges 8 - 9, 9 - 10 and 8 - 10.

Articulation Points

Those vertices that belong to more than one biconnected component are called articulation points or, equivalently, cut vertices. Articulation points are vertices whose removal would increase the number of connected components in the graph.

Notice: This problem defines on an undirected graph.

Given the following query:

pgr_articulationPoints($$sql$$)

where $$sql = \{(id_i, source_i, target_i, cost_i, reverse\_cost_i)\}$$

and

• $$source = \bigcup source_i$$,
• $$target = \bigcup target_i$$,

The graphs are defined as follows:

The weighted undirected graph, $$G(V,E)$$, is definied by:

• the set of vertices $$V$$
• $$V = source \cup target$$
• the set of edges $$E$$
• $$E = \begin{cases} \text{ } \{(source_i, target_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \quad \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \quad \text{ if } reverse\_cost = \varnothing \\ \text{ } \text{ } & \text{ } \\ \text{ } \{(source_i, target_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, reverse\_cost_i) \text{ when } reverse\_cost_i >=0)\} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(source_i, target_i, reverse\_cost_i) \text{ when } reverse\_cost_i >=0)\} & \quad \text{ if } reverse\_cost \neq \varnothing \\ \end{cases}$$

Given:

• $$G(V,E)$$

Then:

$$\boldsymbol{\pi} = \{node_i\}$$

where:
• $$node_i$$ is an articulation point.
• The returned values are ordered:
• node ascending
Example:
• Articulation points are nodes 2 and 6.

Bridges

A bridge is an edge of an undirected graph whose deletion increases its number of connected components.

Notice: This problem defines on an undirected graph.

Given the following query:

pgr_bridges($$sql$$)

where $$sql = \{(id_i, source_i, target_i, cost_i, reverse\_cost_i)\}$$

and

• $$source = \bigcup source_i$$,
• $$target = \bigcup target_i$$,

The graphs are defined as follows:

The weighted undirected graph, $$G(V,E)$$, is definied by:

• the set of vertices $$V$$
• $$V = source \cup target$$
• the set of edges $$E$$
• $$E = \begin{cases} \text{ } \{(source_i, target_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \quad \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \quad \text{ if } reverse\_cost = \varnothing \\ \text{ } \text{ } & \text{ } \\ \text{ } \{(source_i, target_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, cost_i) \text{ when } cost >=0 \} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(target_i, source_i, reverse\_cost_i) \text{ when } reverse\_cost_i >=0)\} & \text{ } \\ \cup \{(source_i, target_i, reverse\_cost_i) \text{ when } reverse\_cost_i >=0)\} & \quad \text{ if } reverse\_cost \neq \varnothing \\ \end{cases}$$

Given:

• $$G(V,E)$$

Then:

$$\boldsymbol{\pi} = \{edge_i\}$$

where:
• $$edge_i$$ is an edge.
• The returned values are ordered:
• edge ascending
Example:
• Bridges are edges 5 <--> 6 and 6 <--> 7.

### Description of the edges_sql query for components functions¶

edges_sql: an SQL query, which should return a set of rows with the following columns:
Column Type Default Description
id ANY-INTEGER   Identifier of the edge.
source ANY-INTEGER   Identifier of the first end point vertex of the edge.
target ANY-INTEGER   Identifier of the second end point vertex of the edge.
cost ANY-NUMERICAL

Weight of the edge (source, target)

• When negative: edge (source, target) does not exist, therefore it’s not part of the graph.
reverse_cost ANY-NUMERICAL -1

Weight of the edge (target, source),

• When negative: edge (target, source) does not exist, therefore it’s not part of the graph.

Where:

ANY-INTEGER: SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, REAL, FLOAT

### Description of the parameters of the signatures¶

Parameter Type Default Description
edges_sql TEXT   SQL query as described above.

### Description of the return values for connected components and strongly connected components¶

Returns set of (seq, component, n_seq, node)

Column Type Description
seq INT Sequential value starting from 1.
component BIGINT Component identifier. It is equal to the minimum node identifier in the component.
n_seq INT It is a sequential value starting from 1 in a component.
node BIGINT Identifier of the vertex.

### Description of the return values for biconnected components, connected components (edge version) and strongly connected components¶

Returns set of (seq, component, n_seq, edge)

Column Type Description
seq INT Sequential value starting from 1.
component BIGINT Component identifier. It is equal to the minimum edge identifier in the component.
n_seq INT It is a sequential value starting from 1 in a component.
edge BIGINT Identifier of the edge.

### Description of the return values for articulation points¶

Returns set of (seq, node)

Column Type Description
seq INT Sequential value starting from 1.
node BIGINT Identifier of the vertex.

### Description of the return values for bridges¶

Returns set of (seq, node)

Column Type Description
seq INT Sequential value starting from 1.
edge BIGINT Identifier of the edge.