pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch - Experimental

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch — Returns the shortest path(s) in a binary graph.

Any graph whose edge-weights belongs to the set {0,X}, where ‘X’ is any non-negative integer, is termed as a ‘binary graph’.

Boost Graph Inside

Warning

Possible server crash

• These functions might create a server crash

Warning

Experimental functions

• They are not officially of the current release.

• They likely will not be officially be part of the next release:

  • The functions might not make use of ANY-INTEGER and ANY-NUMERICAL

  • Name might change.

  • Signature might change.

  • Functionality might change.

  • pgTap tests might be missing.

  • Might need c/c++ coding.

  • May lack documentation.

  • Documentation if any might need to be rewritten.

  • Documentation examples might need to be automatically generated.

  • Might need a lot of feedback from the comunity.

  • Might depend on a proposed function of pgRouting

  • Might depend on a deprecated function of pgRouting

Availability

• Version 3.2.0

  • New experimental signature:

    • pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Combinations)

• Version 3.0.0

  • New experimental signatures:

    • pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(One to One)

    • pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(One to Many)

    • pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Many to One)

    • pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Many to Many)

Description

It is well-known that the shortest paths between a single source and all other vertices can be found using Breadth First Search in \(O(|E|)\) in an unweighted graph, i.e. the distance is the minimal number of edges that you need to traverse from the source to another vertex. We can interpret such a graph also as a weighted graph, where every edge has the weight \(1\). If not alledges in graph have the same weight, that we need a more general algorithm, like Dijkstra’s Algorithm which runs in \(O(|E|log|V|)\) time.

However if the weights are more constrained, we can use a faster algorithm. This algorithm, termed as ‘Binary Breadth First Search’ as well as ‘0-1 BFS’, is a variation of the standard Breadth First Search problem to solve the SSSP (single-source shortest path) problem in \(O(|E|)\), if the weights of each edge belongs to the set {0,X}, where ‘X’ is any non-negative real integer.

The main Characteristics are:

• Process is done only on ‘binary graphs’. (‘Binary Graph’: Any graph whose edge-weights belongs to the set {0,X}, where ‘X’ is any non-negative real integer.)

• For optimization purposes, any duplicated value in the start_vids or end_vids are ignored.

• The returned values are ordered:

  • start_vid ascending

  • end_vid ascending

• Running time: \(O(| start\_vids | * |E|)\)

Signatures

Summary

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Edges SQL, start vid, end vid, [directed])

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Edges SQL, start vid, end vids, [directed])

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Edges SQL, start vids, end vid, [directed])

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Edges SQL, start vids, end vids, [directed])

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Edges SQL, Combinations SQL, [directed])

RETURNS SET OF (seq, path_seq, [start_vid], [end_vid], node, edge, cost, agg_cost)

OR EMPTY SET

Note: Using the Sample Data Network as all weights are same (i.e \(1`\))

One to One

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Edges SQL, start vid, end vid, [directed])

RETURNS SET OF (seq, path_seq, node, edge, cost, agg_cost)

OR EMPTY SET

Example:

From vertex \(6\) to vertex \(10\) on a directed graph

SELECT * FROM pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(
  'SELECT id, source, target, cost, reverse_cost from edges',
  6, 10, true);
 seq | path_seq | node | edge | cost | agg_cost
-----+----------+------+------+------+----------
   1 |        1 |    6 |    4 |    1 |        0
   2 |        2 |    7 |    8 |    1 |        1
   3 |        3 |   11 |    9 |    1 |        2
   4 |        4 |   16 |   16 |    1 |        3
   5 |        5 |   15 |    3 |    1 |        4
   6 |        6 |   10 |   -1 |    0 |        5
(6 rows)

One to Many

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Edges SQL, start vid, end vids, [directed])

RETURNS SET OF (seq, path_seq, end_vid, node, edge, cost, agg_cost)

OR EMPTY SET

Example:

From vertex \(6\) to vertices \(\{10, 17\}\) on a directed graph

SELECT * FROM pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(
  'SELECT id, source, target, cost, reverse_cost from edges',
  6, ARRAY[10, 17]);
 seq | path_seq | end_vid | node | edge | cost | agg_cost
-----+----------+---------+------+------+------+----------
   1 |        1 |      10 |    6 |    4 |    1 |        0
   2 |        2 |      10 |    7 |    8 |    1 |        1
   3 |        3 |      10 |   11 |    9 |    1 |        2
   4 |        4 |      10 |   16 |   16 |    1 |        3
   5 |        5 |      10 |   15 |    3 |    1 |        4
   6 |        6 |      10 |   10 |   -1 |    0 |        5
   7 |        1 |      17 |    6 |    4 |    1 |        0
   8 |        2 |      17 |    7 |    8 |    1 |        1
   9 |        3 |      17 |   11 |   11 |    1 |        2
  10 |        4 |      17 |   12 |   13 |    1 |        3
  11 |        5 |      17 |   17 |   -1 |    0 |        4
(11 rows)

Many to One

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Edges SQL, start vids, end vid, [directed])

RETURNS SET OF (seq, path_seq, start_vid, node, edge, cost, agg_cost)

OR EMPTY SET

Example:

From vertices \(\{6, 1\}\) to vertex \(17\) on a directed graph

SELECT * FROM pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(
  'SELECT id, source, target, cost, reverse_cost from edges',
  ARRAY[6, 1], 17);
 seq | path_seq | start_vid | node | edge | cost | agg_cost
-----+----------+-----------+------+------+------+----------
   1 |        1 |         1 |    1 |    6 |    1 |        0
   2 |        2 |         1 |    3 |    7 |    1 |        1
   3 |        3 |         1 |    7 |    8 |    1 |        2
   4 |        4 |         1 |   11 |   11 |    1 |        3
   5 |        5 |         1 |   12 |   13 |    1 |        4
   6 |        6 |         1 |   17 |   -1 |    0 |        5
   7 |        1 |         6 |    6 |    4 |    1 |        0
   8 |        2 |         6 |    7 |    8 |    1 |        1
   9 |        3 |         6 |   11 |   11 |    1 |        2
  10 |        4 |         6 |   12 |   13 |    1 |        3
  11 |        5 |         6 |   17 |   -1 |    0 |        4
(11 rows)

Many to Many

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Edges SQL, start vids, end vids, [directed])

RETURNS SET OF (seq, path_seq, start_vid, end_vid, node, edge, cost, agg_cost)

OR EMPTY SET

Example:

From vertices \(\{6, 1\}\) to vertices \(\{10, 17\}\) on an undirected graph

SELECT * FROM pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(
  'SELECT id, source, target, cost, reverse_cost from edges',
  ARRAY[6, 1], ARRAY[10, 17],
  directed => false);
 seq | path_seq | start_vid | end_vid | node | edge | cost | agg_cost
-----+----------+-----------+---------+------+------+------+----------
   1 |        1 |         1 |      10 |    1 |    6 |    1 |        0
   2 |        2 |         1 |      10 |    3 |    7 |    1 |        1
   3 |        3 |         1 |      10 |    7 |    4 |    1 |        2
   4 |        4 |         1 |      10 |    6 |    2 |    1 |        3
   5 |        5 |         1 |      10 |   10 |   -1 |    0 |        4
   6 |        1 |         1 |      17 |    1 |    6 |    1 |        0
   7 |        2 |         1 |      17 |    3 |    7 |    1 |        1
   8 |        3 |         1 |      17 |    7 |    8 |    1 |        2
   9 |        4 |         1 |      17 |   11 |   11 |    1 |        3
  10 |        5 |         1 |      17 |   12 |   13 |    1 |        4
  11 |        6 |         1 |      17 |   17 |   -1 |    0 |        5
  12 |        1 |         6 |      10 |    6 |    2 |    1 |        0
  13 |        2 |         6 |      10 |   10 |   -1 |    0 |        1
  14 |        1 |         6 |      17 |    6 |    4 |    1 |        0
  15 |        2 |         6 |      17 |    7 |    8 |    1 |        1
  16 |        3 |         6 |      17 |   11 |   11 |    1 |        2
  17 |        4 |         6 |      17 |   12 |   13 |    1 |        3
  18 |        5 |         6 |      17 |   17 |   -1 |    0 |        4
(18 rows)

Combinations

pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(Edges SQL, Combinations SQL, [directed])

RETURNS SET OF (seq, path_seq, start_vid, end_vid, node, edge, cost, agg_cost)

OR EMPTY SET

Example:

Using a combinations table on an undirected graph

The combinations table:

SELECT source, target FROM combinations;
 source | target
--------+--------
      5 |      6
      5 |     10
      6 |      5
      6 |     15
      6 |     14
(5 rows)

The query:

SELECT * FROM pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(
  'SELECT id, source, target, cost, reverse_cost FROM edges',
  'SELECT source, target FROM combinations',
  false);
 seq | path_seq | start_vid | end_vid | node | edge | cost | agg_cost
-----+----------+-----------+---------+------+------+------+----------
   1 |        1 |         5 |       6 |    5 |    1 |    1 |        0
   2 |        2 |         5 |       6 |    6 |   -1 |    0 |        1
   3 |        1 |         5 |      10 |    5 |    1 |    1 |        0
   4 |        2 |         5 |      10 |    6 |    2 |    1 |        1
   5 |        3 |         5 |      10 |   10 |   -1 |    0 |        2
   6 |        1 |         6 |       5 |    6 |    1 |    1 |        0
   7 |        2 |         6 |       5 |    5 |   -1 |    0 |        1
   8 |        1 |         6 |      15 |    6 |    2 |    1 |        0
   9 |        2 |         6 |      15 |   10 |    3 |    1 |        1
  10 |        3 |         6 |      15 |   15 |   -1 |    0 |        2
(10 rows)

Parameters

Column	Type	Description
Edges SQL	TEXT	Edges SQL as described below
Combinations SQL	TEXT	Combinations SQL as described below
start vid	BIGINT	Identifier of the starting vertex of the path.
start vids	ARRAY[BIGINT]	Array of identifiers of starting vertices.
end vid	BIGINT	Identifier of the ending vertex of the path.
end vids	ARRAY[BIGINT]	Array of identifiers of ending vertices.

Optional Parameters

Column	Type	Default	Description
directed	BOOLEAN	true	When true the graph is considered Directed When false the graph is considered as Undirected.

Inner Queries

Edges SQL

Column	Type	Default	Description
id	ANY-INTEGER		Identifier of the edge.
source	ANY-INTEGER		Identifier of the first end point vertex of the edge.
target	ANY-INTEGER		Identifier of the second end point vertex of the edge.
cost	ANY-NUMERICAL		Weight of the edge (source, target)
reverse_cost	ANY-NUMERICAL	-1	Weight of the edge (target, source) When negative: edge (target, source) does not exist, therefore it’s not part of the graph.

Where:

ANY-INTEGER:

SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT

ANY-NUMERICAL:

SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, REAL, FLOAT

Combinations SQL

Parameter	Type	Description
source	ANY-INTEGER	Identifier of the departure vertex.
target	ANY-INTEGER	Identifier of the arrival vertex.

Where:

ANY-INTEGER:

SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT

Result Columns

Set of (seq, path_id, path_seq [, start_vid] [, end_vid], node, edge, cost, agg_cost)

Column	Type	Description
seq	INTEGER	Sequential value starting from 1.
path_id	INTEGER	Path identifier. Has value 1 for the first of a path from start_vid to end_vid.
path_seq	INTEGER	Relative position in the path. Has value 1 for the beginning of a path.
start_vid	BIGINT	Identifier of the starting vertex. Returned when multiple starting vetrices are in the query. Many to One Many to Many Combinations
end_vid	BIGINT	Identifier of the ending vertex. Returned when multiple ending vertices are in the query. One to Many Many to Many Combinations
node	BIGINT	Identifier of the node in the path from start_vid to end_vid.
edge	BIGINT	Identifier of the edge used to go from node to the next node in the path sequence. -1 for the last node of the path.
cost	FLOAT	Cost to traverse from node using edge to the next node in the path sequence.
agg_cost	FLOAT	Aggregate cost from start_vid to node.

Additional Examples

Example:

Manually assigned vertex combinations.

SELECT * FROM pgr_binaryBreadthFirstSearch(
  'SELECT id, source, target, cost, reverse_cost FROM edges',
  'SELECT * FROM (VALUES (6, 10), (6, 7), (12, 10)) AS combinations (source, target)');
 seq | path_seq | start_vid | end_vid | node | edge | cost | agg_cost
-----+----------+-----------+---------+------+------+------+----------
   1 |        1 |         6 |       7 |    6 |    4 |    1 |        0
   2 |        2 |         6 |       7 |    7 |   -1 |    0 |        1
   3 |        1 |         6 |      10 |    6 |    4 |    1 |        0
   4 |        2 |         6 |      10 |    7 |    8 |    1 |        1
   5 |        3 |         6 |      10 |   11 |    9 |    1 |        2
   6 |        4 |         6 |      10 |   16 |   16 |    1 |        3
   7 |        5 |         6 |      10 |   15 |    3 |    1 |        4
   8 |        6 |         6 |      10 |   10 |   -1 |    0 |        5
   9 |        1 |        12 |      10 |   12 |   13 |    1 |        0
  10 |        2 |        12 |      10 |   17 |   15 |    1 |        1
  11 |        3 |        12 |      10 |   16 |   16 |    1 |        2
  12 |        4 |        12 |      10 |   15 |    3 |    1 |        3
  13 |        5 |        12 |      10 |   10 |   -1 |    0 |        4
(13 rows)

See Also

• Sample Data

• https://cp-algorithms.com/graph/01_bfs.html

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm#Specialized_variants

Indices and tables

• Index

• Search Page